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- $Unique_ID{BRK03944}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Locked-In Syndrome}
- $Subject{Locked-In Syndrome De-Efferented State Cerebromedullospinal
- Disconnection Pseudocoma Akinetic Mutism Quadriplegia Reye Syndrome with Total
- Paralysis Spinal Cord Injuries }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 472:
- Locked-In Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Locked-In Syndrome) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to
- find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by
- this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- De-Efferented State
- Cerebromedullospinal Disconnection
- Pseudocoma
-
- Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Akinetic Mutism
- Quadriplegia
- Reye Syndrome with Total Paralysis
- Spinal Cord Injuries
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Locked-In Syndrome is characterized by complete paralysis except for
- voluntary eye movements. It is usually caused by lesions in the nerve
- centers which control muscle contractions, or a blood clot that blocks
- circulation of oxygen to the brain stem.
-
- Symptoms
-
- In the Locked-In Syndrome, all voluntary muscles controlling movement are
- paralyzed, except for those performing eye and eyelid movements. Patients
- with Locked-In Syndrome are conscious, but unable to speak. However, they
- can learn to communicate through an eye blink code.
-
- Causes
-
- Locked-In Syndrome is caused by lesions cutting across corticospinal and
- corticobulbar nerve tracts, which cut off all motor nerves except for those
- to the eye muscles. Tissue death may also occur on both sides of the body
- caused by lack of oxygen circulated to the internal capsule of the brain. In
- some cases the circulation may be blocked by a blood clot in a blood vessel
- in the brain stem. If circulation can be restored the patient's condition
- may improve.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Locked-In Syndrome is a very rare disorder. It affects males and females in
- equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Locked-In Syndrome.
- Comparisons can be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Akinetic Mutism is a disorder characterized by the patient appearing to
- be in an awake state with open eyes, but without communication. Immobility
- occurs as a result of lesions causing bilateral frontal lobe damage or
- destruction of the reticular activating system of the brain. The response of
- muscles to painful stimuli is poor.
-
- Quadriplegia (quadriparesis; tetraplegia) is a term denoting paralysis of
- all four limbs. Spinal cord injury is one of the more common causes of
- Quadriplegia.
-
- Reye Syndrome is a combination of acute brain disease (encephalopathy)
- and fatty degeneration of the abdominal organs, which tends to follow some
- acute virus infections such as flu or chicken pox, combined with certain
- precipitating agents such as aspirin. Seizures may occur. A complete
- recovery is possible. However, permanent brain damage, ranging from a slight
- decrease in I.Q. to total paralysis, may occur. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Reye" as your search term in the Rare Diease
- Database.)
-
- Spinal Cord Injury can be caused by trauma to the spine. Symptoms
- include retention of urine, possibly incontinence, reflex spasm below the
- site of the injury, and/or paralysis with sensory loss.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Functional neuromuscular stimulation may help activate paralyzed muscles.
- Several devices to facilitate communication for people who cannot speak are
- on the market. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April
- 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Locked-In Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- References
-
- LOWER EXTREMITY FUNCTIONAL NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION IN CASES OF SPINAL CORD
- INJURY: G.R. Cybulski, et al.; Neurosurgery (July 1984: issue 15(1)). Pp.
- 132-146.
-
- ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR C6 QUADRIPLEGIA: AN APPROACH TO EFFECTIVE, SIMPLE,
- AND INEXPENSIVE DEVICES: J.R. Basford, et al.; Archives Phys Med Rehabil
- (December 1985: issue 66(12)). Pp. 829-831.
-
- RECOVERY FROM LOCKED-IN SYNDROME AFTER POSTTRAUMATIC BILATERAL DISTAL
- VERTEBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION: J.M. Cabezudo, et al.; Surg Neurol (February
- 1986: issue 25(2)). Pp. 185-190.
-
-